Histology of Birds

References

Osteology

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Dacke C.G., Arkle S., Cook D.J., Wormstone I.M., Jones S., Zaidi M., Bascal Z.A. (1993). Medullary bone and avian calcium   regulation. J. exp. Biol. 184, 63–88.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Whitehead C.C. (2004). Overview of Bone Biology in the Egg-Laying Hen. Poultry Science 83, 193–199.

 

Integument

Cater D.B., Lawrie N.R. (1950). Some histochemical and biochemical observations on the preen gland. J. Physiol.III, 23I-243.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Lucas A.M., Stettenheim P.R. (1972). Avian Anatomy: Integument, volume 1. Agricultural Research Services Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture.

Lucas A.M., Stettenheim P.R. (1972). Avian Anatomy: Integument, volume 2. Agricultural Research Services Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture.

Maderson P. F.A., Hillenius W.J., Hiller U., Dove C. C. (2009). Towards a Comprehensive Model of Feather Regeneration. Journal of Morphology 270, 1166-1208.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Pass D. (1995). Normal anatomy of the avian skin and feathers. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medecine, 4 (4), 152-160

Stettenheim P.R. (2000). The Integumentary Morphology of Modern Birds—An Overview. Amer. Zool. 40, 461-477.

Van Hemert C., Handel C.M., Blake J.E., Swor R.M., O’Hara T.M. (2012). Microanatomy of Passerine Hard-Cornified Tissues: Beak and Claw Structure of the Black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). Journal of Morphology 273, 226-240.

 

Alimentary tract

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Ghetie V., Chitescu St., Cotofan V., Hillebrand A. (1976). Atlas de anatomie a pasarilor domestice = Atlas d'anatomie des oiseaux domestiques = Anatomical atlas of domestic birds. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, Bucuresti.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Kadhim K.K., Zuki A.B.Z., Noordin M.M., Babjee S.M.A. (2011). Histomorphology of the Stomach, Proventriculus and Ventriculus of the Red Jungle Fowl. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 40, 226-233.

Rossi J.R., Baraldi-Artoni S.M., Oliveira D., da Cruz C., Sagula A., Pacheco M.R., Lania de Araújo M. (2006). Morphology of oesophagus and crop of the partrigde Rhynchotus rufescens (Tiramidae). Acta Sci. Biol. Sci. 28 (2), 165-168.

Selvan P.S., Ushakumary S., Ramesh G. (2008). Studies on the histochemistry of the Proventriculus and Gizzard of Posthatch guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). International journal of Poutry science 7 (11), 1112-1116.

 

Respiratory tract

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Casteleyn C., Françoys D., Simoens P., Van den Broeck W. (2010). The avian air sacs: visualization in the chicken by means of the corrosion casting technique. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 79, 429-435.

Casteleyn C.,Scheers J., Simoens P., Van den Broeck W. (2011). Respiration in birds: a functional and anatomical approach. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 80, 3-14.

Casteleyn C.,Michiels A., Simoens P., Van den Broeck W. (2011).Sound production in birds. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 80, 15-23.

Çevik-Demirkan A., Haziroğlu R.M., Kürtül I. (2007). Gross morphological and histological features of larynx, trachea and syrinx in Japanese quail. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia 36, 215-219.

Goller F., Larsen O.N. (1997a). A new mechanism of sound generation in songbirds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94,14787-14791.

Gaban-Lima  R, Höfling E. (2006). Comparative anatomy of the syrinx in the tribe Arini (aves s: Psittacidae). Braz. J. morphol. Sci. (2006) 23(3-4), 501-512

Goller F., Larsen O.N. (1997b). In situ biomechanics of the syrinx and sound generation in pigeons. The Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 2165-2176.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Kabak M., Orhan I.O., Haziroglu R.M. (2007). The gross anatomy of larynx, trachea and syrinx in the Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 36, 27-32.

Maina J.N. (2002). Some recent advances on the study and understanding of the functional design of the avian lung: morphological and morphometric perspectives. Biological Review 77, 97-152.

Maina J.N. (2006). Development, structure and function of a novel respiratory organ, the lung-air sac system of birds:to go where no other vertebrate has gone. Biological Review 81, 545-579.

Suthers R.A.,Zollinger S.-A. (2004). Producing song. The vocal apparatus. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 1016, 109-129.

 

Urinary tract

Abood AL-Ajeely R. A.-G., Mohammed F. S. (2012). Morpho-histological study on the development of kidney and ureter in hatching and adulthood racing pigeon (Columba livia domestica). International Journal Of Science And Nature vol 3(3), 665-677.

Akester A.R. (1967). Renal portal shunts in the kidney of the domestic fowl. J. Anat.101, 3, pp. 569-594.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Braun E.J., Dantzler W. (1972). Function of mammalian- type and reptilian- type nephrons in kidney of desert quail. American journal of physiology 222 (3), 617-629.

Burrows M.E., Braun E.J., Duckles S.P. (1983). Avian renal portal valve: a reexamination of its innervation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 245, H628-H63.

Ghetie V., Chitescu St., Cotofan V., Hillebrand A. (1976). Atlas de anatomie a pasarilor domestice = Atlas d'anatomie des oiseaux domestiques = Anatomical atlas of domestic birds. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, Bucuresti.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Lierz M. (2003). Avian renal disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Vet Clin Exot Anim 6, 29–55.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Shideman J.R., Evans R.L., Bierer D.W., Quebbemann A.J. (1981). Renal venous portal contribution to PAH and uric acid clearance in the chicken. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 240, F46-F53.

 

Female reproductive tract

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Bellairs R. (1967). Aspects of the development of yolk spheres in the hen's oocyte, studied by electron microscopy. J. Embryol. exp. Morph.17 (2), 267-281.

Dunn I.C., Wilson P.W., LU Z., Bain M.M., Crossan C. L., Talbot R. T., Waddington D. (2009). New hypotheses on the function of the avian shell gland derived from microarray analysis comparing tissue from juvenile and sexually mature hens. General and Comparative Endocrinology 163, 225–232.

Hodges R.D. (1965). The blood supply to the avian oviduct, with special reference to the shell gland. J. Anat., 99 (3),  485-506.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Panhéleux M., Kaèlin O., Gautron J., Nys Y. (1999). Features of eggshell formation in guinea fowl: kinetics of shell deposition, uterine protein secretion and uterine histology. British Poultry Science 40, 632–643.

Kinsky F.C. (1971). Presence of paired ovaries in the Kiwi (Apteryx) with some discussion of this condition in other birds. J.Orn. 112, 334-357.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Whitehead C.C. (2004). Overview of Bone Biology in the Egg-Laying Hen. Poultry Science 83. 193–199.

 

Male reproductive tract

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Gonzalez-Moran M.G., Soria-Castrob E. (2010). Histological and stereological studies on Leydig cells in the testes of Gallus domesticus from pre-hatching to sexual maturity. Animal Reproduction Science 120, 129–135.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

 

Endocrinum

Pituitary gland:

Acher R., Chauvet J., Chauvet M.-T. (1970). Phylogeny of the Neurohypophysial Hormones: The Avian Active Peptides. Eur. J. Biochem. 17. 509-513.

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Devnath S., Inoue K. (2008). An Insight to Pituitary Folliculo-Stellate Cells. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 20. 687–691.

Erdost H. (2005). Immunohistochemical Localization of FSH Cells in the Pars Distalis of the Pituitary Gland in Five-Month-Old Laying Hens. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 29. 1125-1128.

Harrisson F., Van Hoof J., Vakaet L. (1982). The relationship between the folliculo-stellate network and the thyrotropic cells of the avian adenohypophysis. Cell Tissue Res. 226(1). 97-111.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

König H. E., Liebich H.-G. (2001). Anatomie und Propädeutik des Geflügels, Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

Mohanty B. (2006). Extracellular Accumulations in the Avian Pituitary Gland: histochemical Analysis in Two Species of Indian Wild Birds. Cells Tissues Organs 183. 99-106.

Mohanty B., Das S., Naik D.R. (1997). Immunocytochemistry of the Pars Tuberalis of the Pituitary Gland in Some Indian Wild Birds: A Comparative Study. General and Comparative Endocrinology 108. 109–118.

Muchow M., Bossis I., Porter T. E. (2005). Ontogeny of pituitary thyrotrophs and regulation by endogenous thyroid hormone feedback in the chick embryo. Journal of Endocrinology 184. 407–416.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Proudman J.A., Vandesande F., Berghman L.R. (1999). Immunohistochemical Evidence That Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Reside in Separate Cells in the Chicken Pituitary. Biology of Reproduction 60. 1324-1328.

Sandhu M.A., Rahman Z.U., Riza A., Rahman S.U., Javed I., Ullah N. (2010). Somatotrophs and lactotrophs: an immunohistochemical study of Gallus domesticus pituitary gland at different stages of induced moult. European Journal of Histochemistry 54: e 25. 123-127.

Whittow G.C. (editor) (2000). Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed., Elsevier Inc.

Zheng J., Nakamura K., Maseki Y. (2006). Independent differentiation of mammotropes and somatotropes in the chicken embryonic pituitary gland. Analysis by cell distribution and attempt to detect somatomammotropes. Histochem Cell Biol 125. 429–439.

 

Thyroid gland:

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Breit S., Iconic E., Stoger E. (1998). Untersuchungen zur Form der Schilddruse (Glandula thyreoidea) beim Geflugel mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen. Anat. Histol. Embryo.27. 271-276.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

König H. E., Liebich H.-G. (2001). Anatomie und Propädeutik des Geflügels, Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

McNabb F.M.A. (2006). Avian thyroid development and adaptive plasticity. General and Comparative Endocrinology 147. 93–101.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Schmidt R.E., Reavill D.R. (2008). The Avian Thyroid Gland. Vet Clin Exot Anim 11.15–23.

Whittow G.C. (editor) (2000). Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed., Elsevier Inc.

 

Parathyroid gland:

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Johnston M.S., Ivey E.S. (2002). Parathyroid and Ultimobranchial Glands: Calcium Metabolism in Birds. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 11 (2). 84-93.

König H. E., Liebich H.-G. (2001). Anatomie und Propädeutik des Geflügels, Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Radek T., Piasecki T. (2007). Topography and Arterial Supply of the Thyroid and the Parathyroid Glands in Selected Species of Falconiformes. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 36. 241–249.

Whittow G.C. (editor) (2000). Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed., Elsevier Inc.

 

Ultimobranchial body:

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Hoar W.S., Randall D.J. (editors) (1969). Fish physiology volume II: The endocrine system, Academic Press Inc.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Hodges R.D. (1970). The structure of the Fowl’s ultimobranchial gland, Imprimerie Bussière.

Johnston M.S., Ivey E.S. (2002). Parathyroid and Ultimobranchial Glands: Calcium Metabolism in Birds. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 11 (2). 84-93.

König H. E., Liebich H.-G. (2001). Anatomie und Propädeutik des Geflügels, Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Sehe C.T. (1965). Comparative Studies on the Ultimobranchial Body in Reptiles and Birds. General and Comparative Endocrinology 5. 45-59.

Takagi I., Yamada K. (1984). A Morphological Study of the Ultimobranchial Body in the Grass Parakeet. Arch. histol. jap.47 (4). 377-385.

Whittow G.C. (editor) (2000). Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed., Elsevier Inc.

 

Adrenal gland:

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

König H. E., Liebich H.-G. (2001). Anatomie und Propädeutik des Geflügels, Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Whittow G.C. (editor) (2000). Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed., Elsevier Inc.

 

Pancreas:

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

 

Ovary:

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Davidson M.F., Gilbert A.B., Wells J.W. Activity of ovarian δ5-3β- hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) with respect to age. J. Reprod. Fert.57. 61-64.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Marrone B.L., Hertelendy F. (1983). Steroidogenesis by avian ovarian cells: effects of luteinizing hormone and substrate availability. The American Physiological Society. E487-E493.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Ottinger M.A., Bakst M.R. (1995). Endocrinology of the Avian Reproductive System. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 9(4). 242-250.

Robinson F.E., Etches J.(1986). Ovarian Steroidogenesis during Folicular Maturation in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus). Biology of Reproduction 35. 1096-1105.

 

Testis:

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Gonzalez-Moran M.G., Soria-Castrob E. (2010). Histological and stereological studies on Leydig cells in the testes of Gallus domesticus from pre-hatching to sexual maturity. Animal Reproduction Science 120, 129–135.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

 

Cardiovascular system

Carotid body and Carotid sinus:

Abdel – Magied E. M., Taha A. M., King A. S. (1982). An ultrastructural investigation of a baroreceptor zone in the common carotid artery of the domestic fowl. J. Anat 135 (3), 463-475.

Abdel – Magied E. M., King A. S. (1984). Intramural granular cells in the arteries of the carotid body region of the domestic fowl. J. Anat 139 (3), 483-490.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Holm B., Sorensen S. (1972). The role of the carotid body in the diving reflex in the duck. Respiration Physiology 15, 302-309.

Kameda Y. (2002). Carotid Body and Glomus Cells Distributed in the Wall of the Common Carotid Artery in the Bird. Microscopy Research and Technique 59, 196-206.

Yamamoto M., Kondo H., Nagatu I. (1989). Immunohistochemical demonstration of tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin and neuropeptide tyrosine in the epithelioid cells within arterial walls and carotid bodies of chicks. J. Anat 167, 137-146.

Taha A. M., King A. S. (1986). Aortico-pulmonary bodies in the domestic fowl: ultrastructure, innervation and secretion. J. Anat 149, 41-53.

 

Lymphoid system

Thymus:

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Kendall M.D. (1980). Avian Thymus Glands: a review. Developmental and comparative immunology 4. 191-210.

König H. E., Liebich H.-G. (2001). Anatomie und Propädeutik des Geflügels, Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Schat K.A., Kaspers B., Kaiser P. (editors) (2012). Avian Immunology, 2nd ed., Academic Press.

Tamiolakis D., Venizelos J., Kotini A., Karamanidis D. (2004). A stromal myoid cell line provokes thymic erythropoiesis between 16th to 20th weeks of intrauterine life. East African Medical Journal 81 (2). 78-81.

Whittow G.C. (editor) (2000). Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed., Elsevier Inc.

 

Bursa of Fabricius:

Abbate F., Pfarrer C., Jones C.J.P., Ciriaco E., Gemanà G., Leiser R. (2007). Age-dependent changes in the pigeon bursa of Fabricius vasculature: a comparative study using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of vessel casts. J. Anat.211. 387–398.

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Elbrønd V.S., Laverty G., Dantzer V., Grøndahl C., Skadhauge E. (2009). Ultrastructure and electrolyte transport of the epithelium of coprodeum, colon and the proctodeal diverticulum of Rhea Americana. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 152. 357–365.

Fonfria J., Moreno J., Gomez del Moral M., Alonso L., Zapata A.G. (1994). The diffusely-infiltrated lymphoid tissue of the bursa of fabricius of Sturnus unicolor. Histological organization and functional significance. Histol Histopath 9. 333-338.

Fox J.H., Homer B.L., Kutchinski K. (1999). A retrospective necropsy study of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) bursa of Fabricius. Avian Pathology 28. 491-494.

Houssaint E., Hallet M.-M. (1986). The Follicle-Associated Epithelium in the Bursa of Fabricius Cell Origin Studied by Means of Quail-Chick Chimeras and Monoclonal Antibodies.Journal of Leukocyte Biology 40. 469-477.

König H. E., Liebich H.-G. (2001). Anatomie und Propädeutik des Geflügels, Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

Madej J.P., Chrzazstek K., Piasecki T., Wieliczko A. (2012). New Insight into the Structure, Development, Functions and Popular Disorders of Bursa Fabricii. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 42. 321–331.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Schat K.A., Kaspers B., Kaiser P. (editors) (2012). Avian Immunology, 2nd ed., Academic Press.

Whittow G.C. (editor) (2000). Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed., Elsevier Inc.

 

Spleen:

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Deerenberg C., Biebach H., Bauchinger U. (2002). Spleen size variation during long-distance migration in the garden warbler Sylvia borin. Avian Science 2. 1-9.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

König H. E., Liebich H.-G. (2001). Anatomie und Propädeutik des Geflügels, Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

Nagy N., Biro E., Takacs A., Polos M., Magyar A., Olah I. (2005). Peripheral blood fibrocytes contribute to the formation of the avian spleen. Developmental Dynamics 232 (1).55-66.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Schat K.A., Kaspers B., Kaiser P. (editors) (2012). Avian Immunology, 2nd ed., Academic Press.

Whittow G.C. (editor) (2000). Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed., Elsevier Inc.

 

BALT:

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Kumar K., Haldar C. (2011). Anatomical and histological profile of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and localization of melatonin receptor types (Mel1a and Mel1b) in the lung-associated immune system of a tropical bird, Perdicula asiatica. Acta Histochemica 113. 333–339.

Reese S., Dalamani G., Kaspers B. (2006). The avian lung-associated immune system: a review. Vet. Res. 37. 311–324.

Schat K.A., Kaspers B., Kaiser P. (editors) (2012). Avian Immunology, 2nd ed., Academic Press.

 

GALT:

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Casteleyn C., Doom M., Lambrechts E., Van den Broeck W., Simoens P., Cornillie P. (2010). Locations of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the 3-month-old chicken: a review. Avian Pathol. 39(3). 143-150.

Crole M.R., Soley J.T. (2012). Evidence of a true pharyngeal tonsil in birds: a novel lymphoid organ in Dromaius novaehollandiae and Struthio camelus (Palaeognathae). Frontiers in Zoology 9: 21.

Dolfi A., Lupetti M,. Bianchi F., Michelucci S. (1988). Diffusely infiltrated lymphoid areas of the bursa of Fabricius (DIA) and of the cloaca: an embryological study with morphological analogies. J. Anat. 156. 17-26.

Dolfi A., Bianchi F., Lupetti M. (1988). Distribution of B-lymphocytes in the areas of bursal and cloacal lymphoid infiltration. J. Anat. 160. 201-210.

Gomez del Moral M., Fonfria J., Varas A., Jimenez E., Moreno J. (1998). Appearance and Development of Lymphoid Cells in the Chicken (Gallus gallus) Caecal Tonsil. The Anatomical Record 250. 182-189.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Holt P. S., Vaughn L.E., Gast R.K. (2011). Changes in Peyer’s Patch and Cecal Tonsil B Lymphocytes in Laying Hens Following Challenge with Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis. International Journal of Poultry Science 10 (3). 231-237.

Kitagawa H., Imagawa T., Uehara M. (1996). The apical caecal diverticulum of the chicken identified as a lymphoid organ. . J. Anat. 189. 667-672.

Kitagawa H., Hiratsuka Y., Imagawa T.(1998). Distribution of lymphoid tissue in the caecal mucosa of chickens. J. Anat. 192. 293-298.

Matsumoto R., Matsumoto Y. (2000). Distribution and Developmental Change of Lymphoid Tissues in the Chicken Proventriculus J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62(2). 161–167.

Nagy N., Igyarto B., Magyar A., Gazdag E., Palya V., Olah I. (2005). Oespohageal tonsil of the chicken. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 53 (2). 173–188.

Nagy N., Olah I. (2007). Pyloric tonsil as a novel gut-associated lymphoepithelial organ of the chicken. J. Anat. 211. 407-411.

Olah I., Nagy N., Magyar A., Palya V. (2003). Esophageal Tonsil: A Novel Gut-Associated Lymphoid Organ. Poultry Science 82. 767–770.

Schat K.A., Kaspers B., Kaiser P. (editors) (2012). Avian Immunology, 2nd ed., Academic Press.

 

Nervous system

Glycogen body:

Benzo C.A., De Gennaro L.D. (1983). An hypothesis of function for the avian glycogen body. A novel role for glycogen in the central nervous system. Medical Hypotheses 10, 69-76.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Imagawa T., Shogaki K., Uehara M. (2006). Interaction between glycogen body cell and neuron: examination in co-culture system. J. Vet.Med Sci 68 n(10), 1081-1087.

Lyser K.M. (1973). The fine structure of the glycogen body in the chicken. Acta anat 85, 533-549.

Müller W., Kummer W. (2003). The blood-brain barrier of the chick glycogen body (corpus gelatinosum) and its functional implications. Cell Tissue Res 313, 71–80.

Vukovic S., Lucic H. (2005). Development of the glycogen body in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) embryo. Vet. Arhiv. 75 (2), 101-110.

 

Special senses

Eye:

Bacha Jr W.J. & Bacha L.M. (2006). Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.

Barrio-Asensio C., Peña-Melián A., Puerta-Fonollá J., Vázquez-Osorio T., Murillo-González J. (2002). Ciliary muscle in avian is derived from mesenchymal and epithelial cells. Vision Research 42, 1695–1699.

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Bayón A., Almela RM., Talavera J. (2007). Avian ophthalmology. EJCAP 17 (3), 1-13.

Coulombre A.J., Coulombre J.L. (1962). The skeleton of the eye. I. Coniunctival Papillae and Scleral Ossicles. Developmental biology 5, 382-401.

Coulombre A.J., Coulombre J.L. (1973). The skeleton of the eye. II. Overlap of the Scleral Ossicles of the Domestic Fowl. Developmental biology 33, 257-267.

Egle De Stefano M., Mugnaini E. (1997). Fine Structure of the Choroidal Coat of the Avian Eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 38, 1241-1260.

Hart N. S.(2001). The Visual Ecology of Avian Photoreceptors. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 20 (5), 675-703.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Murphy C.J.,, Glasser A., Howland H.C. (1995). The Anatomy of the Ciliary Region of the Chicken Eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 36, 889-896.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Rahman M. L., Lee E., Aoyama M., Sugita S. (2010). Light and electron microscopy study of the pecten oculi of the Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos). Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 87(3), 75-83.

Oliphant LW (1987). Pteridines and purines as major pigments of the avian iris. Pigment Cell Res. 1987 1(2), 129-131.

Ott M. (2006). Visual accommodation in vertebrates: mechanisms, physiological response and stimuli. J Comp Physiol A (2006) 192, 97–111.

Pourlis A.F. (2013). Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of the Pecten Oculi in the Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Anatomy Research Internationa,vol. 2013, 1-6.

Rajchard J. (2009). Ultraviolet (UV) light perception by birds: a review. Veterinarni Medicina, 54, 2009 (8), 351–359.

Scholten C.J. (1999). Iris colour of Humboldt penguins Spheniscus humboldti. Marine Ornithology 27, 187-194.

Sweijd N., Craig A.J.F.K.. (1991). Histological basis of age related changes in iris color in the African pied starling (spreo bicolor). The Auk 108, 53-59.

Tedesco R C.., Da Silva Calabrese K., Luiz Smith R. (2005). Architecture of the Ciliary Muscle of Gallus domesticus. The Anatomical Record part A 284A, 544-549.

Tsukahara N., Tani Y., Lee E., Kikuchi H., Endoh K., Ichikawa M., Sugita S. (2010). Microstructure Characteristics of the Cornea in Birds and Mammals. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72(9), 1137–1143.

 

Mechanoreceptors:

Baumel J.J.,King A.S., Lucas A.M., Breazile J.E., Evans H.E. (Editors). Nomina Anatomica Avium, an Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds. Academic Press, London.

Berkhoudt H. (1976). The epidermal structure of the bill tip organ in ducks. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 26 (4), 561-566.

Berkhoudt H (1980). The morphology and distribution of cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Herbst and Grandry corpuscles) in bill and tongue of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.).  Netherlands Journal of Zoology 30 (1), 1-34.

Berkhoudt H., Dubbeldam JL, Zeilstra S. (1981). Tactile representation in the nucleus basalis of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.). The Journal of Comparative Neurology 196 (3), 407-420.

Chouchkov C., Palov A., Dandov A. (2002). Ultrastuctural immunocytochemistry of calcium-binding proteins in rapidly-adapting avian mechanoreceptors. Acta histochem. 104(3), 311–320.

Dorward P.K. (1970). Response patterns of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the domestic duck. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 35, 729 – 735.

Gentle M.J., Breward J. (1986). The bill tip organ of the chicken (Gallus gallus var. domesticus). J. Anat.145,79-85.

Gottschaldt K.-M., Lausmann S. (1974). Mechanoreceptors and their properties in the beak skin of geese (Anser anser). Brain Research 65, 510-515.

Grimm M., Halata Z. (2000). Developmental origin of avian Merkel cells. Anat Embryol 202,401–410.

Gustafson L.A., Cheng H.W., Garner J.P., Pajor E.A., Mench J.A. (2007). The Effects of Different Bill-Trimming Methods on the Well-Being of Pekin Ducks. Poultry Science 86, 1831–1839.

Hodges R.D. (1974). The Histology of the Fowl, Academic Press.

Lucas A.M., Stettenheim P.R. (1972). Avian Anatomy: Integument, volume 2. Agricultural Research Services Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture.

Nafstad P.H.J. (1986). On the avian Merkel cells. J. Anat.145, 25-33.

Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E. (1992). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band V: Anatomie der Vögel. 2. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

Saxod R. (1973). Les organites perinucleaires du corpuscule sensorial cutane de Grandry. Organisation ultrastructurale et formation. Tissue & Cell 5 (2), 269-280.

Saxod R. (1996). Ontogeny of the Cutaneous Sensory Organs. Microscopy research and technique 34, 313- 333.

Whittow G.C. (editor) (2000). Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed., Elsevier Inc.